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Biological control is recorded around 300 AD in China, when colonies of weaver ants, Oecophylla smaragdina, were intentionally placed in citrus plantations to control beetles and caterpillars.5 Also in China, ducks were utilized in paddy fields to consume pests, as exemplified in ancient cave art. In 1762an Indian mynah has been brought to Mauritius to control locusts, and about the same period, citrus trees in Burma were connected with bamboos to allow ants to maneuver between them and assist control caterpillars.
Biological pest control is a way of controlling pests such as insects and mites by using different organisms.8 It relies on predation, parasitism, herbivory or other natural mechanisms, but typically also involves an active human management role. Classical biological control involves the introduction of natural enemies of the pest which are bred in the lab and introduced into the environment.
Ideally, the released organism will strain and survive, and supply long-term control.9 Biological control can be an important component of an integrated pest management programme. .
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For instance: mosquitoes are often controlled by putting Bt Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. Israelensis, a bacterium which infects and kills mosquito larvae, in local water sources.10
Mechanical pest control is the use of hands-on techniques as well as simple equipment and devices, that provides a protective barrier between plants and insects. This is known as tillage and is one of the earliest methods of weed control in addition to being used for pest control; wireworms, the larvae of the common click beetle, are extremely harmful pests of newly ploughed grassland, and repeated cultivation exposes them to the birds and other predators which feed on them.11.
Crop rotation can help to control pests by depriving them of their host plants. It is a major tactic in the control of corn rootworm, and has decreased early season incidence of Colorado potato beetle by as much as 95%.12
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A trap crop is a crop of a plant that attracts pests, diverting them from nearby plants.13 Pests aggregated on the trap crop can be more easily controlled using pesticides or other methods.14 However, trap-cropping, on its own, has often failed to cost effectively reduce insect densities on big industrial scales, without the use of pesticides, possibly due to the pests' ability to disperse back into the main area.14.
Pesticides are applied to crops by agricultural aircraft, tractor-mounted crop sprayers or as seed dressings to control pests. However, effective control by pesticides is not easy; the ideal formulation must be chosen, the timing is often crucial, the procedure of application is important, sufficient protection and retention on the crop are necessary.
This is particularly important in countries where there are natural reservoirs of pests and their enemies in the countryside surrounding plantation crops, and these co-exist in a delicate balance. Often in less-developed countries, the crops are well adapted to the local situation and no pesticides are needed. Where innovative farmers are using fertilisers to grow enhanced crop varieties, these are often more susceptible to insect damage, but the indiscriminate application of pesticides may useful link be detrimental in the longer term.15.
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The efficacy of chemical pesticides tends to diminish over time. This is because any organism which manages to survive the initial application will pass on its genes to its offspring and a resistant strain is going to be developed. In this way, a number of the very serious pests have developed resistance and are no longer killed by pesticides that used to kill their ancestors.
